Top Clichéd Application Essay Topics to Avoid

You’re assigned with the application essay writing assignment and the toughest deadline will be there in a moment. The thing is that the essay is your chance to demonstrate your knowledge and how successfully you have mastered the course materials. College tutors read dozens of the essays every single day and they are tired of the clichà ©d projects. Your task is to pick the essay topic that will stand against the other projects. So, what are the common essays topics you must stay away from in the process of work? Controversial Issues In college, you will be provided with a great range of opportunities to share your viewpoints on various religious and political issues. Nonetheless, your application project is not the tool to use in order to express your views. The thing is that you never know who will be reading your paper! If you are writing about the Islam beliefs and your reader is Catholic, you will 100% spoil your chances. If the topic is personal to you, make sure to develop it as long as you can do that without showing your excessive bias and attacking the opposite side. What to talk about in the essay instead? Instead of talking about controversial topics that may cause disputes among your readers, set your mind on something else. Any social issues will do! Teens bullying, pregnancy drinking, etc. – the choices are unlimited. Generate the essay about whatever fascinates you, but doesn’t offend anyone else. Without any doubt, the application essay is the project that reveals your inner world. On the other hand, that doesn’t mean you have to write about how much you love yourself and what kind of accomplishment you have achieved. Listing personal accomplishments is more suitable for the Curriculum Vitae. The paper should be focused on one facet of your life – something that shouldn’t be provided within any other document. Remember, the representatives of the admission board have already got your resume and they are fully aware of what you have accomplished. An application essay is your chance to demonstrate who you actually are beyond all the qualifications mentioned in the essay. What to talk about in the essay instead? So you were the High School president, cheerleading captain or the leader of a volunteer program? Make sure to choose the accomplishment that matters the most. What background experiences and professional skills have you gained from it? Have you learned any lessons? Just take any situation and explain what you have successfully dug out from it.

Everyday Use By Alice Walker - 923 Words

In the words of Karl Marx, the founding father of Marxism, Marxism principally believes that â€Å"the history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles.† In essence, Marx asserts that every day is a tale of conflict between society’s upper and lower class. While controversial in the real world, this notion is not far-fetched in the realm of literature. For example, Alice Walker’s short story â€Å"Everyday Use† shows prominent signs of tension between classes. When examined from a Marxist perspective, Walker’s characters in â€Å"Everyday Use† highlight how each class values items and how survival needs and societal expectations differ among classes. To clarify, Walker’s narrative focuses on two classes of people: one lower and one higher. In general, Mama and Maggie represent a class that only appreciates practicality, whereas Dee and Hakim-a-barber represent a class that places more value on artistic interest. For example, when Mama asks Dee why she would rather be called Wangero, she explains that â€Å"[she] couldn t bear it any longer, being named after the people who oppress [her], (Walker). In effect, Dee’s new and dramatically different name exemplifies how serious she is about defining her identity with her new culture as opposed to remaining in the same culture as her Mama. In other words, Dee has taken the sole purpose of having a name, identity, and added a symbolism to it of her defiance. In another instance, when Dee sees her family’s butter churn, herShow MoreRelatedEveryday Use By Alice Walker852 Words   |  4 Pagescomes or belongs to one by reason of birth. In â€Å"Everyday Use†, by Alice Walker, the theme of the story can be considered as the meaning of heritage or even the power of education. Alice Walker uses many symbols and motifs such as the following: quilts, education, knowledge, Asalamalakim, and the renaming of Dee. In the story, African heritage and knowledge takes a major role. The African heritage plays a major role in the story, â€Å"Everyday Use†. Alice Walker emphasizes the meaning of heritage by havingRead MoreEveryday Use By Alice Walker1372 Words   |  6 PagesEverday Use† research paper In â€Å"everyday Use,† Alice Walker tells a narrative of a mother’s frustrating relationship together with her two daughters. At this facet, â€Å",Everyday Use†, tells that how a mom little by little refuses the cursory values of her older, successful daughter at the aspect of the useful values of her younger, much less lucky daughter. On a deeper outlook, Alice Walker takes on the theme of heritage and its norms as it applies to African-Americans. Everday Use, is set insideRead MoreEveryday Use By Alice Walker1102 Words   |  5 Pagespoem â€Å"Aunt Jennifer’s Tigers† can be read similar to Alice Walker s short story Everyday Use† both are compared by the women’s ways of showing their strengths and how they identify their values, expressions and strength. Advertised in the general outlines of the plot, both literary themes talks of a quest for freedom, the characters identity and self-expression. Adrienne Rich â€Å"Aunt Jennifer’s Tigers† Alice Walker â€Å"Everyday Use† Comparison Paper Analyzing the two types of literatureRead MoreEveryday Use By Alice Walker1372 Words   |  6 Pagessociety as a whole, but more specifically in the African American Community. Alice Walker gives slight insight into   what being forced   to assimilate is like. She says in her short story Everyday Use: She will stand hopelessly in corners homely and ashamed of the burn scars down her arms and legs eyeing her sister with a mixture of envy and awe. Statements such as these are a regular occurrence in her works. Walker often speaks on the ever so disheartening topic of cultural assimilation and theRead MoreEveryday Use By Alice Walker996 Words   |  4 PagesIn the short story â€Å"Everyday Use† by Alice Walker, the author describes different ideas about one’s heritage. Culture and heritage is at the main point of the story â€Å"Everyday Use† by Alice Walker as symbolized by the quilt. The bond that Mother and Maggie share is brought by their common talent to make works of art like quilts. Dee does not have similar capacity because she does not appreciate manual labor nor believes in her heritage. The idea of pride in culture, heritage, and family is the mainRead MoreEveryday Use By Alice Walker1721 Words   |  7 PagesIn her short story â€Å"Everyday Use,† Alice Walker summarizes the representation of the beauty, the conflicts and struggles within African-American culture. â€Å"Everyday Use† focuses mainly between members of the Johnson family, consisting of a mother and her two daughters. One of the daughters Maggie, who was injured in a house fire and has living a shy life clinging to her mother for security. Her older sister is Dee, who grew up with a grace and natural beauty. â€Å"Dee is lighter than Maggie, with nicerRead MoreEveryday Use By Alice Walker1111 Words   |  5 Pagestheir culture. Alice Walker highlights and distinguishes the dissimilarities and clichà © of country African American women with the actualities that make up their lives. Characterized by short, compound sentences, with long adjectives and use of literary elements, her style is eloquent conversational and authentic. Alice Walker’s short story, Everyday Use is stylistic, ironic and narrates profound interpretation of unique views and approaches to African-American culture. Walker’s use of characterizationRead MoreEveryday Use By Alice Walker1735 Words   |  7 Pages â€Å"Everyday Use† by Alice Walker and â€Å"Brownies† by ZZ Packer are two different short stories with different lessons but both talk about the topic of race. Both stories talks about the time in the 20th century when slavery just ended but racism are still active between African Americans and Caucasians. Walker described a story about a single African American mother who is waiting for her daughter to arrive from college. Packer described a story about these African American fourth graders who are inRead MoreEveryday Use By Alice Walker1655 Words   |  7 PagesIn â€Å"everyday Use,† Alice Walker tells a narrative of a mother’s frustrating relationship together with her two daughters. At this facet, â€Å",Everyday Use†, tells that how a mom little by little refuses the cursory values of her older, successful daughter at the aspect of the useful values of her younger, much less lucky daughter. On a deeper outlook, Alice Walker takes on the theme of heritage and its norms as it applies to African-Americans. Everday Use, is set inside the late ,60s or mid ,70sRead MoreEveryday Use By Alice Walker1447 Words   |  6 PagesAbout â€Å"Everyday Use† The conflict in the story is centered around the clash between the two worlds with which Walker s character Dee is endued. Dee increasingly accuses her heritage of the ideas and rhetoric of the new Black Pride movement. Walker weaves the theme of African cultural nationalism with a descriptive conflict immersed in family issues. On another level, Alice Walker offers a unique look at the struggling African-American woman to find both a personality and voice from the shadows of

Music Inspiration free essay sample

When they feel comfortable enough, they will be able to share their feelings and what might be troubling them. [tags: 14 works Cited 2204 words (6. 3 pages) $29. 95 [preview] music and emotions How can different types of music affect peoples emotions. Music has many different ways to affect people. In some ways, it is good for the body both physically and mentally. In other ways, people think it is nice to listen to. More detailed, music has personalities, which can express what people feel. There are many observations involving different ways to express human emotions.Emotions are very interesting things, especially when they involve music. Music can have many personalities, affect peoples emotions, and be used as therapy. [tags: music] 1411 words (4 pages) $19. 95 [preview] Music and Its Influence Music and its influence It is no doubt that music has played a vital role in our society. Everything from loud, head-banging concerts to religious ceremonies have utilized the medium of music because of its awe-inspiring qualities. We will write a custom essay sample on Music Inspiration or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Music is basically the control of sound. We can control this sound by varying the pitch, tempo, octaves, dynamics and so on.There are thousands of ways that we can use music and to shape it to how we want to hear it. But how much has music influenced the way we think today. [tags: Music] 880 words (2. 5 pages) $19. 95 [preview] Music in Generations Technology has created a way that people can buy or steal songs. Without technology generation y would be lost, technology helps music define a generation. Generations before generation y think that television, music videos, and music in general has affected the kids in enervation y. Trends and habits are formed by listening or watching.Music has wonderful and meaningful effects on different people depending on how the music is retained. Music videos affect generations differently because each generation has a different outlook and opinion on the lyrics. [tags: 7 works Cited 1233 words (3. 5 pages) $19. 95 [preview] Piano Music The beautiful sound of piano music has captured the hearts Of people since the early eighteenth century. Since then, many musicians have dedicated their lives to this instrument. Some players even play piano so well hat it may seem that this instrument is easy to play.However, to be able to play the piano well isnt easy; it takes a lot of skill. To become a good piano player, one must love music very much, have good finger techniques, and body flexibility. To become a good piano player, one must love music . [tags: Music] 506 words (1. 4 pages) $19. 95 [preview] Music Piracy These are very scary statistics that are not known by most music pirates. Music piracy has undoubtedly skyrocketed in the last decade. This jump has caused tremendous damages to everyone involved with the creative process.In 2002, there were more people that were burning CDC then there were people legitimately purchasing them (IF). From 2004 through 2009 alone, approximately thirty billion songs were illegally downloaded on file-sharing networks and in 2009, only thirty seven percent of music acquired by United States consumers was actually paid for (ARIA). [tags: Music] 1 Works Cited 1597 words (4. 6 pages) $19. 95 [preview] Music In Protest There were many artists with music that was made specifically to protest such as Bob Dylan, Buffalo Springfield, Neil Young, Simon and Gargantuan, etc. These artists had many songs of protest including Seven Oclock News by Simon and Gargantuan, Here We Are in the Years by Neil Young, and Blowing in the Wind by Bob Dylan. The Vietnam War was a difficult time for the country. Many people did not support the war and there were hundreds of protests. The most notable protests included the first March to Washington. [tags: ID works Cited 2250 words (6. 4 pages) $19. 95 [preview] Revolution of Music He and his family moved to San Francisco, California in 1961 and by 1967 he formed a band (Santa).Lastly, Black influences name into play in the sass. The first successful black record label which directly put blacks into mainstream music was the Mouton Company in 1962. Black music has always been covered and remade by white artists into popular songs. The Rolling Stones were known to make cover music of black rooted music (Holland 105). After the success of the Mouton Company, the generation often passed the white music, as they were supposed to buy, to get to rhythm and blues, soul, and other black music (Holland 103). [tags: MusiC] 14 works Cited 1571 words (4. 5 pages) $9. 95 [preview]

Postings on Nutritional Guidelines in Pregnancy

Question: Describe about the Postings on Nutritional Guidelines in Pregnancy. Answer: Pregnancy is one of the stages in human life that makes women to be more vulnerable than other normal and stable individuals. The fact that an expectant woman carries an unborn child in her womb implies that she should always be keen on whatever she does ranging from food, physical exercises, and exposure to alcohol, allergies and smoke (Ferrari, Siega-Riz, Evenson, Moos Carrier, 2013). This is a time when the unborn child requires adequate attention because any slight deviation might result into teratogen that can seriously harm the health and wellbeing of the child. So, a pregnant woman should comply with the Australian Dietary Guidelines to help in choosing the right food to eat during the antenatal period. The entire pregnancy period requires adequate attention that should be continuously handled by a professional midwife. When it comes to foods, it is appropriate for a pregnant mother to be choosy. A proper nutritional pattern should always be formulated and stringently adopted. A pregnant woman should consume a right quantity of a balance diet that is composed of all the essential nutrients: proteins, vitamins, mineral salts and fatty acids (Netting, Middleton Makrides, 2014). These are important nutrients that can benefit the expectant mother and the unborn child. For instance, proteins, if included in the diet of a pregnant mother, can help in building the body of the mother and the unborn child. Adequate consumption of proteins during the first trimester can greatly benefit the embryo because this is the stage in which active cell division occurs. It is also advisable for a pregnant mother to consume food rich in minerals like iron and calcium because they can also help in protecting her from diseases like hypertension that might trouble her during this period (Ferrari, Siega-Riz, Evenson, Moos Carrier, 2013). At the same time, a pregnant mother should not forget to include vitamins in her diet. Vitamins are also essential in protection. A proper feeding strategy should be adopted during pregnancy because it helps benefits the mother and the embryo (Netting, Middleton Makrides, 2014). All the foods and drinks consumed during pregnancy provide the required nutrients for hormonal production and promotion of the survival and growth of the embryo that solely depends on the mother for nourishment (Ferrari, Siega-Riz, Evenson, Moos Carrier, 2013). As much as a pregnant mother should be encouraged to adopt healthy feeding habits, they should also be knowledgeable on certain foods that might jeopardize her own health and that of the child both before and after birth (Ferrari, Siega-Riz, Evenson, Moos Carrier, 2013). Topping the list of what is to be avoided by the pregnant mother is smoking, alcohol and caffeine. Alcohol, for example, can cause physical or mental deformity of the child (Netting, Middleton Makrides, 2014). Therefore, it should be incumbent upon an expectant woman to forego these substances during pregnancy (Talati, Bao, Kaufman, Shen, Schaefer Brown, 2013). At the same time, the pregnant mother should refrain from consuming refined carbohydrates and sugary foods because they can result into the development of candida (Netting, Middleton Makrides, 2014). Moreover, a pregnant mother should avoid taking medications because certain medicines can dangerously affect the embryo if transmitted through the placenta. Last, but not least, the pregnant mother should not use foods that can expose her and the unborn child to environmental toxins and allergies (Kramer Kakuma, 2014). Indeed, the midwives should play a significant role in advising pregnant women to follow these guidelines during the antenatal period. References Ferrari, R. M., Siega-Riz, A. M., Evenson, K. R., Moos, M. K., Carrier, K. S. (2013). A qualitative study of women's perceptions of provider advice about diet and physical activity during pregnancy. Patient education and counseling, 91(3), 372-377. Kramer, M. S., Kakuma, R. (2014). Maternal dietary antigen avoidance during pregnancy or lactation, or both, for preventing or treating atopic disease in the child. Evidenceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Based Child Health: A Cochrane Review Journal, 9(2), 447-483. Netting, M. J., Middleton, P. F., Makrides, M. (2014). Does maternal diet during pregnancy and lactation affect outcomes in offspring? A systematic review of food-based approaches. Nutrition, 30(11), 1225-1241. Talati, A., Bao, Y., Kaufman, J., Shen, L., Schaefer, C. A., Brown, A. S. (2013). Maternal smoking during pregnancy and bipolar disorder in offspring. American Journal of Psychiatry, 170(10), 1178-1185.

Technoscience Essays - Science And Technology Studies,

Technoscience The world is changing rapidly. A single technological development can lead to an infinite number of consequential developments, each of which having varying impacts on humanity. These impacts, or indicators, display the results of technological development. Climactic, economic, social, and energy related indicators are important in showing humanity's use of technoscience, and demonstrate that certain political and economic changes are needed so that technoscientists can use their knowledge to benefit the great majority of humanity. Climactic indicators are excellent examples of humanity's misuse of technoscience. One such indicator is global temperature. It displays the results of the burning of fossil fuels and the release of nitrous oxides into the atmosphere. Production of coal, oil, natural gas and nuclear power each expanded by 1 percent in 1995 (Brown, 16). Globally, the ten warmest years out of the last 130 have all occurred in the eighties and nineties (Brown, 15). These figures demonstrate that humanity is not effectively controlling and limiting its use of fossil fuels. As a result, acid rain falls upon the earth destroying what is left of the planet's forests and, an estimated 37 percent of the fish species that inhabit thelakes and streams of North America are either in jeopardy or extinct. A second indicator that displays humanity's misuse of technoscience is the global economy. Global economic statistics show the results of the applications of technoscience. In 1995, the global economy grew by an estimated 3.7 percent the largest gain since the 4.6 percent growth in 1980 (Brown, 74). The use of technoscientific developments in various fields raised the global output of goods and services. Although this was an impressive expansion promoting employment and development, it also increased the unsustainable demands on the earth's natural systems and resources, such as the planet's forests. Applications of technoscience have established the need for wood. The forests that once blanketed more than 40 percent of the earth's land surface now cover only 27 percent of it (Brown, 19). As a result, soil erodes, and the capacity of soils and vegetation to absorb and store water is reduced. Humanity's misuse of technoscience can also be displayed with social indicators. Eighty-seven million people were added to the population in 1995 (Sachs, 88). The overwhelming majority were added to countries that were already struggling with the results of technoscience: depletion of forestry, erosion of soil, and reduction of aquifers. This added population only increased these countries' problems. Population growth is slowing in some country's, but for the wrong reasons. In Russia, the combination of economic deterioration and environmental pollution has raised death rates, while a loss of hope in the future has lowered birth rates (Brown, 19). In Zimbabwe, births still exceed deaths, but by much less than a few years ago because AIDS related deaths are increasing. Beneficial applications of technoscience could be used in the above cases to improve social situation by introducing greater population control methods and by helping to control the AIDS epidemic. Energy related indicators shoe the positive effects of technoscientific application. While the production of coal, oil, natural gas and nuclear power each expanded by 1 percent in 1995, wind electric generation expanded by 33 percent and sales of solar cells climbed 17 percent (Brown, 5658). The harnessing of wind and solar energy does not create the environmentally harmful byproducts associated with their fossil fuel and nuclear counterparts. Humanity's use of renewable energy sources can only decrease environmental problems. Charles E. Lindblom's procedure of public policy integration is an effective method by which technoscientists can be assured that their developments will be thoroughly explored so that humanity will not be hurt by their work. However, most corporations give strong incentives (bonuses, stock options) to encourage executives to diligently pursue corporate profitability (Woodhouse, 173). This results in a rapid, untested decision-making process that yields swift innovation of products and production techniques that offer short term buyer effectiveness, profits for the seller and potentially long term negative consequences to a portion of humanity, the environment or the world. Political procedures concerning technological developments must be gradual and deliberate so that the development's benefits can greatly outweigh the disadvantages. Conflicting leaders should explore developments so that each can consider the other's views. The initial policy should be revised in small, reversible steps in response to feedback about errors, interpretations, and changing perceptions of needs and opportunities (Morone, 168). The net result will be a general benefit to humanity. From an economic standpoint, technoscientist's work might yield a greater humanitarian benefit with the increase in common people's role in the technological decision making process. Unfortunately, technological developments, no matter

Juvenile Statistics in Criminal Activities

Juvenile Statistics in Criminal Activities Introduction Juveniles consist of young children and youth offenders who have not yet attained the age of adulthood (in most cases eighteen years) while Juvenile delinquency is the engagement of children and youthful offenders in criminal activities. Crime is an aspect that has raised concern among individuals, groups and organizations especially due to its increased rate among both the juveniles and the adults.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Juvenile Statistics in Criminal Activities specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There are various reasons that facilitate the indulgence of individuals especially the juveniles into criminal activities for instance peer pressure, emulation of people and the desire to copy and be like them, poor upbringing for example where the parents or caregivers do not offer guidance towards good behaviour, poverty due to unemployment and lack of education among others. There are vari ous strategies that could be applied in the correction of the juvenile delinquents all with their positive and negative impacts on the offenders depending on their effectiveness (Finley, 2007). This paper looks into the issue of juvenile delinquency with much emphasis being given to the recent trends in this field and the factors associated with them. Discussion Just like in any other aspect, there are observable trends when it comes along the issue of juvenile delinquency. One notable trend is the decrease in the number of juvenile delinquent arrests that were made between 1998 and 2007 as shown in table 1 of this assignment. There are various reasons that contribute to indulgence of children and the youths into criminal activities. They include poverty and peer pressure among others. Consequently there exist various factors that could lead to the reduction in the levels or rates of juvenile delinquent arrests, which follows a decline in the engagement of the juveniles in criminal activities that could in one way or the other cause an alarm to the society and the justice law enforcement systems. From table 1, there was a significant decrease in the rate of juvenile arrests in 2007. Larceny theft for instance accounted for approximately 300,300 juvenile arrests. Between 1998 and 2007, the decrease rate was 32% which is a considerable fall. The information in the table also shows that violent index that consists of aggravated assault, robbery, forcible rape as well as murder and non negligence manslaughter decreased over the years. This is however with the exception of juvenile arrests for murder, which increased between tear 2006- 2007 by a slight percentage (3%).Advertising Looking for critical writing on criminal law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In regard to gender, statistics show that women juvenile accounts for a relatively fewer number of arrests as compared to the male counterparts. In 2007, for instance, the females accounted for approximately 17% of juvenile crime index arrests, 33% of juvenile disorderly conduct arrests and 35% of juvenile property crime index arrests. This could be accrued to a variety of reasons for instance the fact that some crimes seem more daring to the females and they find themselves shying away from them. This is not the same case for the men and thus their arrest rates seem to be relatively high compared to those linked with the men. Although there have been a notable positive move in regard to juvenile delinquency in regard to the rate of arrests, it is also clear that the problem has not been dealt with completely. For example, in the year 2007 children and youths under the age of 15 amounted for 28% of the total juvenile arrests for violent crime index offences. They also accounted for approximately 31% of the total property crime index offences. This rate is neither too low nor too high and thus the need to take necessary acti ons to avoid exacerbating the rate but rather keeping the rate to the minimum rate possible. It is also clear that one reason that can be attributed to a decrease in rate of juvenile arrest is the trends that have been observed in criminology field including the advancement and sophistication in the criminal ventures due to technology for instance computer based crimes, international terrorism and money laundering, engagement in transnational corporate crime and formation of more transnational organized crime groups with advanced criminal ventures. Although this is a negative aspect, it has greatly helped in setting up of strategies that are aimed at handling the emerging kinds of criminal activities in an effort of reducing the chances of the existing criminal justice systems becoming even more ineffective with a lot of people indulging in crime especially the youths. For this reason, plans aimed at implementing some of the programs that have been identified by various researchers in this field have been put into place to ensure that the juvenile delinquents are handled effectively.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Juvenile Statistics in Criminal Activities specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The programs mainly aim at preventing the youths from indulging in delinquent behaviours, preventing the first-time offenders from further engagement in criminal behaviour and emphasizing family relations. This has greatly reduced the number of both the ordinary as well as the serious juvenile offenders (Burfeind and Bartusch, 2010). Another notable factor is the fact that there have been changes in the field of criminology including the justice systems that are in place to cater for different offences. The juvenile justice system was in a bad situation over the past despite the efforts that had been put in place to improve the condition hence inefficiencies that led to an increase in the rate of crime among the juveniles. However, in the recent past, there have been positive changes for instance the substitution of punishment with discipline which avoids focusing on the young offenders’ deficits or weaknesses but instead establishes a system that builds on their strengths and emphasizes on the benefits of good behaviour through rehabilitation. This has avoided repeated arrests as the juveniles are able to learn of the importance of living a good life that is free from criminal activities. There is no one specific reason as to why there have been the above trends in juvenile delinquency but rather, the issue could be attributed to a combination of factors each making a certain change, whether positive or negative. A variety of bodies and communities have for instance been concerned with juvenile delinquency leading to formation of various programs and approaches aimed at preventing and controlling crime among the juveniles. Some of them include after school programs. There is a tendency of youths engaging in crime in after school hours since their parents are at work and hence no supervision. These programs therefore reduce the chances of indulging in crime. Early family intervention has also helped in preventing and reducing juvenile cases in USA and other parts of the world. This includes counseling that enables good upbringing thus reducing chances of engaging in delinquent behaviour. In addition, alternative justice operations have been adopted. Special courts have for example played a great role in rehabilitating delinquent children and youth in an effort of preventing repeat offences.Advertising Looking for critical writing on criminal law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This is because the delinquents are equipped with relevant social skills that enable them to cope with general life situations. This is as opposed to when they were subjected to harsh punishment conditions which instead of correcting them, they made them rebellious. Another factor that is attributed to the decline in juvenile cases between 1998 and 2007 is the existence of job training programs. This equips the youths with necessary skills that allow them to secure employment chances. This avoids idleness and poverty that could make the youth indulge in criminal activities as a way of hiding their embarrassment and seeking a source of livelihood (Scott and Steinberg, 2008). Conclusion From the above study, it is evident that the importance of effective interventions for juvenile offenders can not in any way be underemphasized as the group forms a significant portion of the overall criminal offenders worldwide (from statistics). For this reason, they pose a great challenge to the soc iety and also to the criminal justice bodies or agencies in relation to the seriousness of their offences and also the high frequency in which they carry out the criminal activities. There have been some improvements in interventions methods used in handling these offenders to enhance effectiveness of justice systems in order to deal with this ordeal in an appropriate manner. It is clear that there have been a good move in regard to the rates of the criminal cases among the juveniles. The major reason for the decline is the improvements that have been done in the judicial system and more so how those caught committing criminal activities are treated. Reference List Burfeind, J and Bartusch, J. D. (2010). Juvenile Delinquency: An Integrated Approach. 2nd Ed. New York: Jones Bartlett Learning Finley, L. L. (2007). Encyclopedia of Juvenile Violence. London: Greenwood Publishing Group. Scott, S.E. and Steinberg D.L (2008). Rethinking Juvenile Justice. USA: Harvard University Press.

Could Alice Carter have done anything differently here Why or why not Term Paper

Could Alice Carter have done anything differently here Why or why not - Term Paper Example Bob could not do the job since he lacked the skills but had good credentials. "I would ensure that there is a good succession planning. This will ensure that one is trained and induced effectively before allowing the previous worker to go. There should be training evaluation to ensure that the work skills are competently acquired. Bob should not keep the job. This is because the succession planning was good enough to allow Bob be trained early enough for the responsibilities which were not hard enough. Despite the training from Alice, Bob still showed numerous weaknesses which were may lead to organization diverting from the mission or even making less in along run. It is evidenced that Bob lacks conscientiousness and has neurotism which makes him not perform well. In addition, Bob was employed simply because his paper was good but not because he had the ability and skills to do the tasks. His credentials were good and he had made a good impression. He is a man of constant problems. Ordinarily, performance appraisal involves addressing individual in a systematic way. I will evaluate Bob’s performance so as to ensure that the Job is done perfectly.First; I will examine the quality and quantity of output. This should result as expected and it should go with the mission.Secondly, I will observe his judgment and cooperation which are vital for teamwork and progress. His supervision and leadership abilities will also be scrutinized.This should be done well without partiality and complains.Lastly, his performance will be measured based on his initiative and dependency. The performance measures will be used in compensation reviews, competency building, and promotions."

Critically examine changing institutional engagement with the Essay

Critically examine changing institutional engagement with the residential sector in the UK - Essay Example A number of institutions currently engage with the residential service providers due to a number of reasons. This essay seeks to examine critically the changing institutional engagement with the residential sector in the UK. It will look at the reasons for low institutional engagement in the country, the trends in the residential sector, factors facilitating the increased level of institutional engagement in the residential sector and the impact of the increased institutional engagement. Finally, it will draw conclusions from the study results. State of Residential Sector in the United Kingdom Residential sector, defined as the occupied or  unoccupied, owned or rented, single-family or multifamily  housing units, does not include institutional housing (Mullin 2006 p. 227). Among these, include hostels, school dormitories, and hospitals among others. Arimah (2000, p. 2552) points out that compared to the public sector, residential sector scores significantly low in the level of in vestment. Despite people, suffering from high rental costs and poor housing qualities, the much efforts put towards improving the situation appear rather weak. The investment scene in the United Kingdom has typically limited institutional investment compared to other countries such as the United States (Montezuma 2006, p. 884-890). Generally, there are low investment levels in the country despite the existence of capacity to build and high demand for residential houses. Even though it is a large sector, there are special characterizing features for the same. There is low construction of new houses, making the sector highly uncompetitive and less dynamic. The only activity-taking place in the country is the purchase of ex-public housing, as there is low construction of new houses (Montezuma 2006, p. 892-893). Few investors, if any take part in institutional investments, argues Van Daalen & Van Der Land (2008, p. 318). Those who take part in this form of investment in most cases focus on the public sector and corporate investment. Thus, few companies take part in the rental business. The most active company in providing residential housing services to the people in the United Kingdom is the Swiss institutional investment, which mainly focuses on the domestic investments. Compared to countries such as the United States that has a high volume of trade and investment in inter-country residential investment, the United Kingdom has little of such activities. There are hardly any cross-country and pan-European holdings, observes (Montezuma 2006, p. 898). Thus, all investments activities appear rather localized and concentrated in a particular place. In some countries, there is a high level of investment activity taking place, with a high number of investments taking place being extremely significant. On the other hand, some countries in the UK have little or no institutional investment at all. Regulatory framework, arguably the biggest inhibiting factor in the sector for this scenario appears to favour a number of countries unlike others (Andersen 2008, p. 264) Unlike in America where inter-country investment takes place against a backdrop of increased residential investment, here, the level of innovation in the sector is considerably low. The low investment in the sector has contributed to low supply of residential property in the various UK countries. The

Racial Profiling Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Racial Profiling - Research Paper Example It should be noted that there are many organizations which advocate for human rights and all individuals must be respected whether they come from a minority group or a dominant group. The idea that an arrest is made based race or ethnicity is only an indication that those countries or people in that nation still practice racial discrimination which is a bad concept. When the law is being implemented it must be implemented equally on all people in the society and should not be seen to lie on one side. People or different races have rights and when their rights are violated it becomes not only an issue in that country but also raises international concerns. Racial profiling as a problem It has been seen that racial profiling is any action initiated by the law enforcement agencies whether the police or any other group that is mandated with the authority to enforce the law that is based on race or ethnicity or even the nationality of an individual rather than by looking at the behavior o f that individual or any other information that may lead to the suspect who committed a crime or offence. The idea that because a given race is present in a given place means that they are the ones engaged in criminal activity is rather absurd and should not be tolerated (Tomaskovic-devey, 2009). ... George Bush once said in 2001 in his address that racial profiling is a bad idea and America will work to ensure that it is stopped. He noted that though there are many good police officers out there are a few who are still practicing the vice and they will not be tolerated and measures will be put in place to stop these abuses (Ryberg, 2011). Racial profiling is still a huge problem in the United States law enforcement agencies and especially the police. The police have said that racial profiling is a good concept. That it is both effective and necessary. They say that crime is higher in some communities and not in others especially those that have a minority population existing among them. They argue that the minority population is the one that engages in crimes and that to ignore that fact just because of the moral implications behind it is unprofessional and morally wrong. (Glover, 2007) Many other scholars have argued against this saying that the presence of a minority group in the population does not necessarily mean that they are the ones engaged in the criminal activity. The dominant group may also be responsible for the criminal activity and because they know that the minority group will be accused they hide and only perfect their plans making it even harder to recognize them. The causes of racial profiling are very clear. Scholars argue that the prevalence of this issue is based on poor reasoning from the police officer. They argue that because the cock crows every morning and we see the sun rise does not mean that there is a correlation between the two. Thus because there is crime in a given area and there is the presence of a minority group does not

Pain assessment.

Pain assessment. CHAPTER-II REVIEW OF LITERATURE Review of literature is traditionally understood as a systematic and critical review of most important scholarly literature on a particular topic. According to Abdullah (1965) review of literature helps the researcher to analyze existing literature to generate research questions to identify what is known and not known about the topic and describe methods of inquiry used in earlier work, including their success and shortcoming. The purpose of review of literature involved in any research study is to become Knowledgeable in that field as much as possible this is the in depth search of the prior research. Research and non research literature were reviewed and organized under the following. Studies and literatures related to pain and pain assessment Studies and literatures related play distraction Techniques on Pain Studies and literatures related to Music distraction on Pain 1. Studies and literatures related to pain and pain assessment. Srouji R, et al., (2010) conducted a study on Pain assessment and non pharmacological management. He concluded that pain perception in children is complex, and is often difficult to assess. The distractions techniques are provided by nurses to manage pain in children is most effective when adapted to the developmental level of the child. Stinson J, et al., (2008) had done the systematic reviews on the effectiveness of pharmacological and non pharmacological management of acute procedure-related pain in children (n=1469) of one to 18 years. The reviewed findings suggested that distraction and hypnosis were effective for management of acute procedure-related pain in hospitalized children. Hockenberry and wilon et al., (2007) reported that brain perceives pain, there is a release of inhibitory neurotransmitters to hinder the transmission of pain and helps to produce on analgesic effect. This inhibition of the pain impulse is the fourth phase of the nociceptive process known as modulation. A protective reflex response also occurs with pain receptions. So while assessing pain intensity in children requires special techniques, therefore assessment requires using word such as owive, boo-boo. There are some unique tools available to measure pain intensity in children. Wongs (2007) stated that pain is often associated with fears, anxiety, and stress and non-pharmacological techniques, such as distraction, relaxation, guided imagery, and cutaneous stimulation provide coping strategies that may help reduce pain perception, make pain more tolerable, decrease anxiety, and enhance the effectiveness of analgesics. The strategies are safe, non invasive, and inexpensive, and most are independent nursing functions. The strategies that are appropriate for the childs age, pain intensity, interest, and abilities is often necessary to determine the most effective approach. Herr and. et.al., (2006) expressed that the child is unable to communicate the pain perception. So often the child requires special attention during assessment. Children who are developmentally delayed, 15 are psychotic, critically ill, dementia are examined with various pain behaviors assessment tools. Although it is important to understand that the pain is measured by using a pain-behavior scale. These tools identify the presence of pain, but not determine the intensity of pain. Joseph, Zeltzer, (2000) They state that there are three factors to assess pediatric pain: pain sensitivity, coping skills, and cognitive ability. Pain Sensitivity ascertained that pain sensitivity highly depends on childrens temperaments. Studies have shown that children with more pain-sensitive temperaments demonstrate increased reports of pain and anxiety during painful medical procedures. Significant differences in pediatric distress were found when those children received psychological interventions prior to the medical procedure. Their distress levels were significantly lower with the psychological intervention, which suggests that the interventions may benefit most children who are pain sensitive. Lara J. Spagrud.et.al (2003) conducted a study that suggested that the face pain scale revise, is a useful self report tool for assessing pain intensity in preschool and school age children who may not be able to use other pediatric self report pain measurement tools such as visual analog or numeric rating scales. Salantera S, Lauri S, Salmi TT, Aantaa R (1999) had done a survey on nursing activities and outcomes of care in the assessment, management, and documentation of childrens pain.(N=303) and retrospective chart review of 50 consecutive cases of operation of acute appendicitis was carried out. The results showed that nurses assess pain by observation of childs behavior and changes in physiology. The author suggested that development of pain assessment and documentation practices is needed in all settings. Cheryl. A. Gilbert et.al, (1999) conducted videotaped study to determinethe pain level based on facial expression to assess post operative pain in the age group of 13-74 months(N=48).Results demonstrated that face scale serve as a valid tool to assess persistent pain in young children. Carroll et.al., (1998) Reported that the degree of pain to which a child focuses attention can influence pain perception. Increased attention has been associated with increased pain response. So the nurses have to apply the various pain relief interventions such as distraction, relaxation, guided imaginary and massage. etc. MaiklerVE. (1991) conducted a study on effects of a skin refrigerant and age on the pain responses of infants receiving immunizations. The results showed that MANOVA revealed fewer distress behaviors following refrigerant spray and more complex, varied behavioral responses for older infants. The findings provide further evidence that infants perceive pain and that nursing interventions for pain reduction should be tested and extended to the very young. Rice L J. (1989) conducted a study on acute pain management in pediatric patients. Findings indicated that children often do not express pain in terms that are easily understood by adults. Distraction by parents or other factors may address the emotional component of pediatric pain. This review of acute pain management in children examines traditional practices as well as recent developments in acute pain management in infants and children. Schechter NL. (1985) conducted a study on pain control in children. He concluded that pain is not solely a fixed neurophysiologic response to a noxious stimulus but interaction of variables such as age, cognitive set, personality, ethnic background, and emotional state of the child. When approaching to pain in children, a high index of suspicion is necessary to determine the difficulty of verbalizing their discomfort. Play techniques are important in distraction from pain by nursing, medical, or child life personnel should be considered. Preparation of the child for procedures is often helpful as some of the fear of the unknown is eliminated. 2. Studies and literatures related play distraction Techniques Weiss KE, Dahlquist LM, Wohlheiter K. (2011) conducted a descriptive study on the effects of interactive and passive distraction on Cold Presser pain in Preschool-aged Children (N=60).Participants showed significantly higher pain tolerance during both interactive and passive distraction relative to baseline. They concluded that interactive and passive video game distraction appears to be effective for preschool-aged children during laboratory pain exposure. Uman LS, McMurtry CM (2009) had done the randomized control trial (N=1380) to examined the efficacy of seven psychological interventions like suggestion, breathing exercises, child directed distraction, parent-led distraction, nurse-led distraction on infants and children (1 month 11 years) for reducing pain and distress during routine childhood immunizations. The results showed that nurse-led distraction was effective in reducing distress (SMD, -0.40; 95% CI, -0.68 to -0.12; P = 0.005). The study findings suggested that combined cognitive-behavioral interventions, breathing exercises, child-directed distraction, nurse-led distraction, are effective in reducing the pain and distress associated immunizations. Miller K, et al., (2009) conducted a study on multimodal distraction to relieve pain in children undergoing acute medical procedures. They used hand held multimodal distraction device (MMD). Pain and anxiety scores were measured by Modified Faces, Legs, Activity, Cry and Consol ability Scale, Faces Pain Scale-Revised, Visual Analogue Scale and Wong-Baker Faces Pain Rating Scale. The study findings show MMD is more effective in reducing the pain and anxiety experienced by children in acute medical procedures. MMD is continuing to be trialed and is continuing to show positive clinical outcomes. Murphy G. (2009) had done a study on the effectiveness of distraction techniques for venepuncture. The findings show that distraction has been shown to reduce procedural distress in children. Further the study revealed that passive distraction is more effective than active distraction during venepuncture and that the effectiveness of a particular technique depends on the attention capacity of the child andtheir engagement in the distraction activity. Windich-BiermeierA (2007) had done a study on children and adolescents (N=50) ages 5 to 18, to evaluate the pain on distraction techniques during venipuncture by using self-selected distracters (i.e., bubbles, virtual reality glasses, or handheld video games, play toys) The design adopted for this study was intervention-comparison group design (n=28) and (n=22). The study participants demonstrated significantly less fear (P Cohen LL, et al., (2006) in their randomized control study on infants (n=136) (range=1-21 months; M=7.6 months, SD=5.0 months) and their parents to investigate the effectiveness of movie distraction in reducing immunization distress during their routine vaccinations. The behaviors were assessed by visual analog scale and a behavioral observation rating scale. The results indicated that parents and infants in the study group engaged in higher rates of distraction than experimental group both prior to and during recovery from the injection. The study findings suggested that a simple and practical distraction intervention can provide some distress relief to infants during routine injections. DAntonio IJ. (2006) conducted a study on use of therapeutic play in hospitals. He stated that play can be a tool to understand and intervene with pediatric patients. They develop a plan for purposeful play programs or play sessions with nurses who are clinical specialists, early childhood educators, and others who have expert knowledge of children and play equipment for the special needs of hospitalized children. For some children, hospitalization is a challenging experience that promotes a sense of competence and for others hospitalization is an experience that results in a negative outcome. Nurses can use play to provide pediatric patients with emotional and cognitive growth-promoting activities which facilitate a more positive hospital experience and long-term outcome. Cohen LL. (2002) had done the randomized trial (N=90) on reducing infant immunization distress through nurse directed distraction. Infants and their parents were randomly assigned to a distraction condition (i.e., nurses used stimuli to divert infants attention) or a typical care condition. The research outcome was measured by observational scale, parent and nurse ratings, and infant heart rate. Results indicated that infants engaged in distraction showed reduced behavioral distress. ThitipornUdomkittti(2001) investigated the effect of distraction on acute pain in infants. Results revealed that acute pain in infants who were distracted by a toy during receiving immunization had significantly lower mean of behavioral pain scores (p Sparks (2001) examined the effect of two forms of distraction on injection pain in a convenience sample of 105 preschool children. The results showed that both forms of distraction, bubble blower and touch, significantly reduced pain perceptions (P Bowen AM, (1999) had done the study to compare two brief, inexpensive distraction techniques for children receiving immunizations. Preschool children (n = 80) were assigned to a party blower intervention, a pinwheel intervention, or a control group. Nurses were instructed to use standard instructions for the control group, and to simply provide the distracter and encourage use, but not to spend time trying to train the child or force them to use it, for the other groups. Results of planned comparisons indicated significant party blower results in the childrens ratings of reduced distress (P Megal, Houser, Gleaves (1998) examined the effects of audio taped lullabies on physiological and behavioral distress and perceived pain among children during routine immunization. The samples were 99 healthy children age 3-6 years old. Half of them received the musical intervention during the immunization, while the other half did not. Children in each group were assessed pain and distress during five phases: baseline, pre immunization, during the immunization, after Band-Aid application, and 2 minutes after phase 4. Physiological methods included heart rate and blood pressure and self-report pain assessment by using the Oucher Scale were used to measure pain intensity. Besides, they were also assessed behavioral distress. Results indicated that no significant differences were found between experimental and control groups for heart rate, blood pressure, or Oucher scores. It may be possible that the reflective of the ages of children in the studies, 3-6 years, may not be able to focu s their attention on distraction devices. However, total distress scores of the experimental group were significantly less than the control group. French, Painter, Coury (1994) studied the effect of distraction technique on pain in preschool children receiving diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus immunization. The samples were 149 children aged 4 to 7 years old who received the injection, one with and one without taught to blow out air repeatedly during the injection, as if they were blowing bubbles. Although self-report measures by parents, children, and nurses were not different between control and experiment Conditions, children who were taught to blow out air repeatedly during the injection had significantly fewer pain behaviors (P 2.Studies and literatures related to Music distraction on Pain Balan R, (2009) had done the comparative study on Indian classical instrumental music and local anesthetic cream on children aged 5-12 yrs in terms of in reducing pain during venepuncture was conducted at a tertiary care center. They were randomly assigned to 3 groups: local anesthetic (LA), music or placebo (control) group. The study findings showed that, using EMLA or Indian classical instrumental music can be significantly reduced pain in children. The difference between VAS scores with LA and music is not always significant. Bufalini A. (2009) conducted a study on pediatric patients undergoing painful procedures (lumbar injection, bone marrow aspiration, and arterial catheter) to assess the role of interactive music. Data significance was accepted with values of P Evans S (2008) conducted a study on complementary and alternative medicine for acute procedural pain in children. He suggested that music therapy also has gained some attention and for the most part shows promise in the pediatric acute pain setting. Noguchi LK. (2006) had done the study on the effect of music versus non music on behavioral signs of distress and self-report of pain in pediatric injection patients. Music has been examined as a potential distraction during pediatric medical procedures, but research findings have been mixed, due, in part, to the fact that children were primarily instructed to merely listen to the music. (n=64) The children 4- to 6(1/2) -years receiving routine immunizations were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: musical story, spoken story, or standard care/control. Participants in the musical story condition tended to be less distressed and report less pain than participants in the other two conditions, although these differences were not statistically significant. Subsequent analysis indicated that children who received more injections tended to benefit more from the music intervention, in terms of their perceived pain. Loewy,J.V(1997) states that music distraction using live, familiar music with unusual instruments can be effective in capturing and holding the childs attention during painful procedure, such as needle punctures. Malone (1996) conducted a study that focused on studying the effects of live music on the distress of pediatric patients receiving venipunctures, intravenous starts, and heel sticks. The study results indicated that all age groups appear to benefit from the live music as an effective method of distraction. The patients that demonstrated the most significant difference were children under the age of one. The distraction techniques were less cognitively advanced than the music therapy approaches for older children; rather, they attempt to soothe and relax the infant in order to distract him from his surroundings. Fowler-Kerry S, (1987) Conducted the study to assess the value of two cognitive strategies (suggestion and music distraction) in reducing pain in children. Two hundred children, aged 4.5-6.5 years, receiving routine immunization injections were randomly assigned to one of the intervention groups in this factorial study. The groups were designated as: distraction, distraction with suggestion, suggestion and control. Subjects reported their pain using a 4-point pain scale. Distraction was found to significantly decrease pain whereas suggestion did not. The results of this study support the use of music distraction in the reduction of injection pain in children.

Solutions to the Air Pollution Problem in America Essay examples -- En

Solutions to the Air Pollution Problem in America   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is steadily becoming harder to breathe these days. Every major city in the world is experiencing the ill effects of air pollution. The level of toxic air pollutants, known as toxics, has been on the rise globally, though not nationally, since the Clean Air Act of 1990, according to Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards [OAQPS], an office within the Environmental Protection Agency [EPA]. However, though more regions -- i.e., cities, metropolitan areas, rural areas, etc. -- are meeting the Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, certain areas were and still are designated as "nonattainment" areas. These areas are regions which do not meet all the National Ambient Air Quality Standards [NAAQS] for ground-level ozone, a primary constituent of smog (USEPA-- National Air--Ozone and Carbon Monoxide 1).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   What are air pollutants and what is their composition? According to studies done by Brigham Young University on air pollution, air pollutants are made up of sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, ozone, and lead (Health Problems 3). They are in particulate form meaning these compounds are particles 10 microns in size -- i.e., the diameter of an average human hair. In fact, most sources agree that these are the main components of outdoor, versus indoor, air pollution.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Locally, the state of Arizona has had trouble with sulfur dioxide levels in the past near mining areas such as Globe-Miami (USEPA--Breathing Easier 5-2,3). Those problems have been addressed and have been reported as below the Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards (USEPA--Breathing Easier ES-2,5-2,3). The big problem which remains is withi... ...tants: A Citizen's Guide." March 1991. United States Envirmental Protection Agency. Office of Policy, Planning and Evaluation. Office of Air and Radition. Environmental Indicators. [WWW document]. URL Go To, July 17, 1996. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards. National Air Quality and Emissions Trends Report, 1995. Ozone and Carbon Monoxide Air Quality Update. [WWW document]. URL Go To, 1995. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Air and Radiation. 1995 National Air Quality Trends Brochure -- Toxic Pollutants. 1995 National Air Quality: Status and Trends. [WWW document]. URL Go To, 1995. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Region 9 Air And Toxics Division. Breathing Easier: 1996, A Report on Air Quality in California, Arizona, Neveda and Hawaii. Update Report, September, 1996.

Political Aspects of International Business

Political Aspects of International Business International Business (INBU350) The political aspects regard the International Business has been passing through changes that in one way or another affect the organizations. Countries fighting for defend of their territories against others or internal conflicts to keep the democracy alive; for instance the war between Iraq and Iran, or the citizens of Venezuela fighting for the survival of their democracy. As a result the pressure of the non-business situations stimulated the manner that the entrepreneurs do business internationally. Politics and the governments own interest have a direct connection with these change. The managerial method to deal with international business has been transform to better understand the foreign government’s politics. (Fitzpatrick, 1983). They have stimulated the evolution of managerial function involves with the assessment and evaluation of the non-business environment that has current relevance. Companies has to start comprehend how the different governments rules and policies works. Firstly the study of the culture, religion, ethnic, and how others companies making business in that particular country has been successfully. In case of those companies that don’t have the capital to invest in researching companies, can use the internal resources like an embassy together with the local government agencies. Furthermore of the strategy of the organizations to introduce products and services to the foreign nation they have to improve the managerial knowledge about it. Entrepreneurs can avoid unnecessary monetary looses if they watch closely any political movement. However companies have no control of any political status that can affect suddenly their business. In the meantime by tracking the governments issues can minimize any unwanted situation that directly or indirectly affect the company status. On the other hand is not guaranteed that everything going to be under control. Meanwhile the international business has a grow pattern ascendance that will dictate the future of how to make business. Every political issue has a cause and effect besides it negative aspects. The important of the globalization and new comportment to make business internationally has transformed the politics, regulations and policies of those restrictive governments. Additionally the endeavor of the international organizations to achieve and regulates the legal system such as ITC, GATT, and others. On the contrary the international law recognizes the right that any country has to accept or refuse any kind of foreign business in their territories. Meanwhile the United States government stimulated companies to establish operations oversea. Government policies can amend and pact relations with international business. Several reasons may cause governments to modify any deal with the international companies even without notification advance. Politics changes can affect dramatically the manner that international business deal with import, export, and trade with another countries. For example China worked a serious restructuration on their politics and regulations with the international companies, which include better conditions of work for the local employees. (Mcubbrey, 2010) Political and legal risks are two very important aspects of running a business of which an entrepreneur should be aware. Failure to recognize these risks and adjust accordingly could potentially hinder the performance of the overall business ‘As a result’ all this evidence indicates that companies that are looking for introduce of their operations internationally expect in return more than money invested. Therefore is about research and analyze how the country selected works regard the foreign companies. The entrepreneurs have to work with a serious analysis that need to include a investigation about culture, religions, ethnics, needs of the population, government, policies, issues and restrictions. Finally the result of this will be a considerable investment of money and resources and will be necessary a good planning to secure, a profitable returns on investments. By studying the international market, analyzing pros and con, and structure a serious business plan companies can prevent loss investments as a consequences of political risk. References Fitzpatrick, M. (1983)Â  Academic of management. Retrieved from: www. jstor. org/stable/257752 How managing political risk improves global business. Retrieved from: www. pwc. com/us/en/risk-compliance/managing-political-risk-improves-business-performance. jhtm

Brave New World Book Review

'Brave New World' Book Review In Brave New World, Aldous Huxley constructs a futuristic society based on pleasure without moral repercussions, and within it places a few oddball characters to stir up the plot. With eugenics at its core, this novel hearkens back to Shakespeares The Tempest, where Miranda says, O brave new world, that hath such people in it. Background on Brave New World   Aldous Huxley published Brave New World in 1932. He was already established as a drama critic and novelist of such books as Crome Yellow (1921), Point Counter Point (1928), and Do What You Will (1929). He also was well-known to many of the other great writers of his day, including the members of the Bloomsbury Group (Virginia Woolf, E.M. Forster, etc.) and D.H. Lawrence.Even though Brave New World is now considered a classic, the book was criticized for a weak plot and characterization when it was first published. One review even said, Nothing can bring it alive. Along with the poor and mediocre reviews, Huxleys book has also become one of the most frequently banned books in literary history. Book banners have cited negative activities (undoubtedly referring to the sex and drugs) in the book as reason enough to prevent students from reading the book. What World Is This? This Utopian/dystopian future offers the drug soma and other carnal pleasures, while manipulating the people into mind-numbing dependence. Huxley explores the evils of a seemingly satisfied and successful society, because that stability is only derived from the loss of freedom and personal responsibility. None of the people challenge the caste system, believing they all work together for the common good. The god of this society is Ford, if the dehumanization and loss of individuality wasnt enough. A Controversial Novel Part of what has made this book so controversial is the very thing that has made it so successful. We want to believe that technology has the power to save us, but Huxley shows the dangers as well.John claims the right to be unhappy. Mustapha says its also the right to grow old and ugly and impotent; the right to have syphilis and cancer; the right to have too little to eat; the right to be lousy; the right to live in constant apprehension of what might happen tomorrow... By getting rid of all of the most unpleasant things, the society also rid itself of many of the true pleasures in life. Theres no real passion. Remembering Shakespeare, Savage/John says: You got rid of them. Yes, thats just like you. Getting rid of everything unpleasant instead of learning to put up with it. Whether tis better in the mind to suffer the slings and arrows of outrageous fortune, or to take arms against a sea of troubles and by opposing end them... But you dont do either. Savage/John thinks of his mother, Linda, and he says: What you need... is something with tears for a change. Nothing costs enough here.

Speech on Hamlet Essay

Speech on Hamlet Essay Speech on Hamlet Essay ‘Speak to me. Speak to me. Oh speak. For which they say you spirits oft walk in death, speak of it. Stay and speak!’ Already in the first scene of the play Shakespeare begins to forewarn the audience against the evils of revenge. Horatio, the most loyal, cautious friend of Hamlets, witnesses the appearance of the ghost. In the renaissance period, those who believed in spirits, trusted that the presence of one meant that they had unfinished business to attend. Though this idea was both supernatural and horrifying to the Elizabethan audience, it made clearly evident that the ghost, ‘In the same figure, like the Kind that’s dead’, came back for a reason and one that was unpleasant. Hamlet’s perception is that the prior King was the ultimate father; he was his idol and ‘his fathers brother, but no more like his father’. As the conversation with Claudius, Gertrude and himself, he begins to communicate his disgust for Gertrude and says s o with, ‘to post with such dexterity to incestuous sheets.’ Here, the audience recognizes the actions of his mother can never be forgiven by Hamlet and that Claudius will never replace his father. ‘Foul deeds will rise’, and ‘So art thou to revenge, when thou shalt hear’. These thoughts establish the foreshadowing events of revenge throughout the entire play. When Hamlet commences his descent into madness, his thoughts create the idea to assemble a play within a play, the murder of Gonzago. He justifies the reasoning by stating that if Claudius is disturbed, he will then reveal guilt for his actions, ‘Wherein I’ll catch the conscience of the King’. Shakespeare stages this for the audience and the characters in the play are able to understand the validity of Claudius as the murderer of the late King and the potential outcomes of this revenge against evil. As death is the primary concern within the play and the worst result of most revenge tragedies at the time, Hamlets differentiation is that his madness is ‘deeply ambiguous’. This manipulative plot instigates the actions of revenge feigned by the evils that madness can induce. As Hamlets disgust and loathing of Claudius develops in Act 1, scene 3, his pace and short phrases hasten to match his quicken thoughts. Shakespeare does this to alert the audience of the suspense that arises with hamlets tone. His unfinished lines portray the irrationality of his thoughts that lead to, ‘take him in the purging’, of Claudius’ soul. His forceful, commanding dialogue towards Gertrude in the next scene, ‘come, come and sit you down, you shall not budge,’ allude to the action being taken to avenge Claudius and perform his murder. As he kills Polonius,’ thou wretched, rash,

Architectural Forms in the Computer Age Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Architectural Forms in the Computer Age - Essay Example More evidently it has resulted in the translation of complex geometrical forms into architectural designs. This can be perceived by observing the innovative and complex forms that the later buildings predominantly adopt. As seen by Bart Lootsma (Zellner 1999), "instead of trying to validate conventional architectural thinking in a different realm, our strategy today should be to infiltrate architecture with other media and disciplines to produce a new crossbreed." Computational design processes is characterized by flexibility, speed, precision and the fact that it allows one to clearly visualize the forms and spaces with the help of animation and rendering. Hence the use of computer technology in architecture is highly rewarding and leads to solutions for a number of issues. The common most positive outcome is that it has become increasingly easier to conceptualize complex geometrical forms and perform various calculations upon it to generate a design that can be practically executed. The technology also allows performing complex structural and environmental calculations with the output data giving precise information regarding the building's performance in various aspects. Further, the modification s and improvements in design have become extremely rapid and it has become highly convenient to transfer or share data and information between the team members of a project, at times sitting across the globe. This technology also offers great precision as compared to manual work. The word 'Digital architecture' refers to the architecture that is generated with this kind of high end computer technology. Such architecture does not only deal with the designing of forms but also with the construction and fabrication of the building on site with the use of computers. This essay explains and describes the computational architectural technology in the digital age through design process, design analysis and building construction process of some recent projects. The role of CAD-CAM It is only since the last few years that the Computer Aided Design (CAD) and Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM) have began influencing the field of architecture. Realizing of complex and geometrical shapes became possible with the inception of this technology. This has helped in realizing possibility to design and construct buildings which seemed to be difficult and expensive when designed in the traditional manner. Note the below placed images of the Empire State building and the millennium tower in Tokyo, the former resembles the architecture of non-digital age as in 1930s. These forms predominantly rely upon repetitive geometry to achieve structural stability. The latter is a product of digitally generated form with the geometry that changes with its height. This is precisely controlled with computed calculations. The design of the digitally evolved form is more complex geometry and depends primarily upon its form for its structural stability rather than it's mass. The present essay discusses the use of computer technology in some of the advanced buildings designed by Foster and Associates. The digital architecture

To what extent had a middling class emerged in Britain by 1832 Essay

To what extent had a middling class emerged in Britain by 1832 - Essay Example The nobility controlled political and economic power in Britain whilst the commoners formed the working class. The Industrial Revolution was however based on the potential to make wealth and control estates. Due to the possibility of commoners becoming successful in business or in industrial affairs, a significant proportion of members of this class became wealthy and developed a different social life. Gradually, the noble class accepted a distinct social class of commoners who were able to wield a lot of influence and could not be considered like the destitute paupers. This culminated in the Reform Bill of 1832 which recognised the middle class3. However, it is apparent that a lot of transformation occurred in the period prior to 1832, which ushered in the need to recognise the 'middle class' as a distinct social grouping in England. This paper will study the period circa 1780 to 1832 to ascertain the important elements and aspects of the emergence of the British middle class. This paper will establish a historiography of the British middle class and its beginnings. Fundamental Debates Basically, the British society before the mid-eighteenth century was mainly ran by the nobility who formed a top tier of the society4. This include people from noble births and this was in sync with the teachings of Medieval times that kings and nobles had the divine right to rule over communities. In examining the pre-Industrial revolution period, Carmadine goes further to trace the different classes back to the Civil War and Great Rebellion which ushered Britain from an era of serfdom to a period where things were shaped in a capitalist manner5. However, by the mid-1700s, the British isles was basically agrarian. And this allowed the aristocracy to maintain an oligopoly over matters in the country. Wealth was strongly connected to the distribution and control of land and this allowed the aristocracy to have a great dominion over the way things were done in Britain6. Then came the Industrial Revolution which transformed the economy significantly and had an effect on the way things were done. This caused the society to be based more on wealth and money rather than just an agrarian system which was tied to beliefs and acceptance of nobility. The discussion on the growth of the middle class in Britain is based on some important factors that can be examined in order to justify why the society changed. From research, it is identified that two fundamental schools of thoughts exist to explain why and how the middle class evolved in the late 1700s to take over from the status quo. The first idea is based on the premise that the middle class evolved as a challenge to the aristocracy that existed and held an oligopoly over things. Under this argument, it is said that there was the need to liberalize and recognize the middle class and this caused the changes that culminated in the Reform Bill of 1832. The second school of thought identified that the middle class evo lved directly from the wealthy industrialists who made the best of opportunities that came with urbanisation, industrialisation and the growth of capital through investments. This group became significantly powerful that they were able to rise up and effect changes. Due to this, the aristocracy had no choice but to recognise them. The Economic Evolutionary School of Thought. This school of thought identifies that the gradual economic strength that some members of the old proletariat society acquired after

Music Education for Chinese Pupils Dissertation - 1

Music Education for Chinese Pupils - Dissertation Example Chinese music has evolved since ancient times under the influence of religious, philosophical and ideological doctrines (Reimer, 1989). In Confucian treatises the concept of the cosmological nature of the music was developed, its social and political role was highlighted. Music in Confucianism was regarded as one of the means of governance, as well as a significant factor in educating people and in achieving social harmony. According to the ideas of Taoism, the music was to facilitate the natural expression of psycho-emotional reactions of man, its fusion with nature. The school music education, which was developed during one of the most complex, saturated with global cataclysms, the period in the history of the country, gradually became a public system, marked by both significant achievements and serious shortcomings. Nowadays the assessments of achievements of challenges facing China’s school education are prerequisites for successful reform. Music became a compulsory subject in secondary schools of China in 1912. In accordance with the suggestions for the educational course of the country, made by Education Minister Tsai Yuanpey (1912), the role of arts education plays the significant role in shaping the personality, thus, particular attention should be paid to music teaching in secondary schools. This document determined a new status of the given subject. The lessons of music education ceased to be selective subject and moved into the category of compulsory in both junior and secondary schools (Mingyue, 1985). Further development of mus ic education in the Chinese school was influenced by the Movement of May 4, 1919, which was initiated by the university intelligentsia.

Explain how the closer relations with Hitler Essay Example for Free

Explain how the closer relations with Hitler Essay Mussolini’s closer relations with Hitler certainly contributed to their defeat in the Second World War. It was because of Germany that Italy felt pressured to join the war in the first place. The scale of the German victories of the autumn of 1939 and the early summer of 1940 stimulated Mussolini’s greed. There was now the prospect of large rewards if Italy joined the war on Germany’s side. It appeared that the war would soon be won by Germany. It was, therefore, imperative to ‘assist’ Germany before the opportunity to gain economically and territorial gains from the war was lost. He feared being isolated in a German dominated Europe. Militarily, Germany was not a trustworthy ally. Mussolini pushed ahead with the ‘parallel war’ despite the fact that Germany was unlikely to co-operate with Italian desire for French colonies. Hitler was unwilling to hand France’s North African colonies to Italy, preferring to leave them and the French Med fleet under the puppet Vichy regime to ensure the latter’s permanent collaboration. Furthermore, Italy attacked Greece in 1940, interestingly in part because the Greek government was too friendly to Germany for Mussolinis liking. It could also be said that the German Italian Alliance contributed to the Italian’s failure in North Africa. Hitler’s priority became the Russian Front which involved drawing off German troops and supplies from North Africa. This sealed Italy’s fate. The German alliance had a poor economic effect on Italy as well. The regime had given little thought to the problem of large-scale armaments production during war time, with strategic materials, notably coal and iron ore, having to be imported from Germany and German occupied territories. Despite the pre-war policy of encouraging autarky, the Italian economy was far from self-sufficient in 1940. There was a 35% decrease in industrial production and a 25% reduction in agriculture as peasants were being conscripted. This led to a fall of 20% in Italian steel production between 1940 and 1942, with result that losses, particularly in tanks and aircraft, could not be replaced. As war began to go badly for the Axis, the Germans became increasingly reluctant to divert such scarce resources to their ineffectual Italian allies. This put further strain on the already over-stretched Italian economy. Furthermore, the German alliance only increased the disillusionment the Italian people felt towards the war. The German alliance had always been unpopular, illustrated by Grandi’s comment of July, 1943: â€Å"You believe that you have the devotion of the people†¦You lost it the day you tied Italy to Germany. † Elements within the Fascist Party, the army, the Vatican and the Royal Household began considering alternatives culminating in the July coup of 1943. On 8th September, 1943, Italy’s new government officially surrendered to the Allies. The Germans, however, occupied North Italy and delayed final victory for the next 18 months. To conclude, the German alliance was detrimental to Italy’s war effort and contributed greatly to their loss.

Independent Man :: essays papers

Independent Man1 Growing up in a dysfunctional family is a hard thing for a child to endure. As a child my classmates and I lived average lives. On occasion I would hear stories, from friends at school, how "dysfunctional" their families were. It was not until my sophomore year of high school that I had a friend that was from a dysfunctional family. Through my best friend I learned that growing up in a dysfunctional family builds a child’s personality in numerous positive ways. I saw, in James Smith, that being raised in a dysfunctional family made him an independent man. James was born and raised in Houston, Texas. At a young age James’ parents divorced. Due to the divorce James has two younger half brothers. One from each biological parent and their second spouse. The older of the two brothers is 16 and serving time in a state correctional facility for boys because of burglary charges. The younger of the two is about 9 years old and lives with James’ estranged ex-stepmother. James’ biological father is very ill with the HIV virus and James is unsure of his health or where he currently lives. James worries if his father is well or even still alive. His mother and stepfather, whom he lived with until he was 12, are currently trying to kick their heroine addiction. Throughout the 20 years of James’ life he has lived with multiple family members and a friend, which is I. He currently, has a two-bedroom apartment, in a very exclusive area of Houston, with a co-worker. James has been working at Compaq Computer Corp. for almost a year. He works 40 to 48 hour weeks as a computer technician earning $14.50 due to his vast knowledge in the computer field. James is a very unique person. He is 5’5 and weights about 150 lbs. making him slightly stout. His jolly round face is set on his manila colored skin. While accompanied by hair, as brown as the wet sand on a beach, cut in a military style. However when it gets long it curls and resembles a shaggy dog. The whites of his mocha brown eyes have a blue tint to them as a result of James having Osteoporosis. A past leg injury has left him with a slight stagger when he jogs or runs. When he walks he always seems to keep his hand right at his sides.

Lagos, Nigeria :: essays research papers

Lagos is the largest city in Nigeria. In 1989 the population was 1,274,000. It is still growing immensely as we speak. It is the former capital of Nigeria. It is located on the Gulf of Guinea. It occupies four islands(Lagos, Ikoyi, Victoria, and Ido). Lagos is Nigeria's largest city. It is the administrative and economic center of Lagos and also its main port. Main Industries include railroad repair, motor vehicle assembly, food processing, and the manufacture of metal products, textiles, beverages, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, soap, and furniture. The city is a road and railroad center and has an international airport. In Lagos, education is usually private. There are both Boarding Schools and Home schooling and both cost a lot of money. Public Schools are not that common in Lagos like they are here. The main source of transportation in Lagos is Buses and â€Å"tracks." Tracks are a simple version of street cars. In Lagos, power failures, water-supply interruptions and traffic jams is very common due to the huge population. Pollution is a very serious problem because of the surrounding lagoons have been used as dumps for the past few years and the increase in factories and cars. There are many national institutions located in Lagos, among them are the National Museum, the National Library, the University of Nigeria, and the University of Lagos. Brief History The Portuguese, was the first to visit Lagos in 1472. It was later established as a slave-trading center. The area was under the rule of the Kingdom of Benin from the late-16th to the mid-19th century then in 1861. It was later taken over by the British.

Book Review.. Law and Society

Slavery, Law and Society in the British Windward Islands 1763-1823 September 29, 2011 Lecturer: Dawn M. McNeil Reviewed by Natasha Stewart DR BERNARD MARSHALL (2007) SLAVER, LAW AND SOCIETY Published by Arawak Publications ISBN 976 8189 81 9 (hbk) ISBN 976 8189 27 4 (pbk) One of the most important courses that are required for matriculation into law school is â€Å"law and society†. This is due to the fact that this course covers interaction between Law and Society from a historical, economical, political, sociological perspective of Caribbean societies, from primitive to transitional and also modern societies. It incorporates trends of law enforcement as well as current social and technological changes that influence society. It is premised on the fact that law has a critical function in all forms of social conduct. Though not the exact words of lecture McNeil, they were enough to help me to understand the importance of this course. Therefore upon her instructions to review the book â€Å"Slavery Law and Society†, I was most enthused, as I intended to read with an objective that would allow me to understand more about the laws of slavery and their impacts, the composition of society and to compare it with the society we have today. As I thought that this would allow me to be understanding of this course of study. My attention was also naturally drawn to the author Bernard Marshal, as I think he did a great job in compiling this case study. Nonetheless, I feel privilege to know that my review o this book will ultimately make it better, while giving me knowledge of a society that I fortunately escaped. The book slavery law and society is a comparative study, which looks at the political, economical, legal and social life of a majority black population, a minority white population and a relatively large amount of free colored in St Vincent, Tobago, Dominica, Grenada and the Grenadines between the years 1763 to 1823. This period marks a relevant and vital time in the history of the Caribbean and the importance of these Windward Islands to French and British economy. These two European nations stood in constant conflict over wealth and ownership of these islands. Thus building our understanding of how Caribbean history in these islands was developed. Bernard Marshall assessed the relationship between different groups in society, with special attention placed on the enslaved population who were in constant resistance of slavery, especially the maroons. Throughout the sixty years of slavery, many writers have analyzed the nature of slavery in some of the more popular Caribbean islands, however it must be noted that this book is the first to help with understanding the nature of the slave system in these four important communities. At a time when slavery and plantation ownership was very important to the economic success of the planter class, the nature of the slave society was examined and critiqued in this study. Special emphasis was placed the political, social, religious, economic and legal organizations of these islands. Nonetheless there was decline which brought into question, the importance of a seemingly redundant enslaved population. Bernard however, presents a harsh historical reality, which was seen in the most inhumane activities meted out to mankind, which is the trans-Atlantic slave trade. During that period the establishment of sugar plantations required purchasing of land, plantation buildings, equipment and upkeep of one’s own labour force which translated into large expenditures: for example a sugar estate in St Vincent that contained 442 acres was 74,035 pounds. Funds were secured to purchase such an estate from the mercantile houses in the metropolis. When the economy declined and prices paid for crops were reduced, many planters defaulted on their loans and went bankrupt. This period saw many such declines and loss for planters, whether for economic reasons or as a direct result of the many revolts that were carefully planned and executed by the slaves seeking freedom and social status. To date the Caribbean is very familiar to almost everyone, due to the contributions of historians, sociologists, lecturers and legal scholars. Nonetheless, only this writer has sought to give a comparative analysis of these communities as they are generally ignored in most readings of Caribbean history, though same were the experiences of these islands in the era of slavery. The role of law was carefully examined and most importantly, its relationship with economic, political and social life of persons in these communities. Marshall’s study provides adequate insight into the society of slavery in an ignored area of the Caribbean history. It must be noted that while the whips and the other physical brutal methods of control were deemed effective to control the slave population. A critique of religion was also evident as it was used as an effective form of social control which made the slaves subservient to their masters. The book is mostly viewed from a Marxist perspective; therefore the function of law was an instrument of the ruling class. This authority created an exploited Caribbean society by colonial rule whose authority was justified by the existing political and judicial precedents created by them and used to keep the â€Å"less fortunate† Africans and free coloured in check. Marshall showed how the law worked in favour of the ruling class, those who owned the means of production. This aspect of Marshal’s analysis can be compared to present day societies, where preference is given to the â€Å"big man†. Law is a coercive order†¦.. the norms which form a legal order must be norms stipulating a coercive act, e. g. a sanction, the evil applied to the violator of the order when sanction is socially organized, consists in a deprivation of possessions- life, health, freedom or property. As the possessions are taken from him against his will, this sanction has the character of the measure of coercion; a social order that seeks to bring about the desired behavior of individuals by the enactment of such measures of coercion is called a coercive order. The laws of the islands recognized the owner’s right to his property in the slave, and protected right from violation by others†. Therefore various acts were passed to govern the every movement of slaves. (Slave laws of 1768) In an attempt by the minority white to ensure social stability, laws were designed to push actions such as rebellions, robbery, running away, arson etc, the actions were severely punished, in fact, dealt was the ultimate. The responsibility of punishment was given to the police, who ensured that laws were upheld. The law was therefore seen as a weapon of social control that worked in the interest of the minority white population. It was used to dehumanized the African population in a most barbaric and unthinkable way. The ruling class fashioned its own brand of social engineering to support a system of racial inequality and exploitation. In the period between 1763-1773, Great Britain acquired what was well known as the British Windward islands. An economy which was initially based on the production and trade of cocoa, coffee, spice and tobacco was now changed into one based on sugar production. This lead to the immediate migration of white owners who could not compete with the emerging sugar industry and influx of slaves. this lead to a cultural change of the society into that of which was centered around the sugar industry, slavery and a dominating planter class. â€Å"The history of slavery in the British Windward islands indisobly and extricably linked to the expansion of the sugar industry. Ever since 1773, sugar had gained a position of first rate importance in the plantation economy. A position which it maintained throughout the period of this study, to almost the total neglect of other kinds of economic activities. For instance, in St. Vincent after 1773, tobacco cultivation was carried out by the Black Caribs only, and following their expulsion in 1797 it was most likely to be abandoned. Report from the island in 1788 also revealed that the culture of coffee and cocoa was being neglected by planters†. This aspect of history saw decline in the economy of these islands due to revolts by slaves and other economic reasons such as cut off of trade with America, knowing that this trade with America was vital to the survival of plantation economy. In Grenada and St. Vincent, production level fell, while prices also declined presenting famine in these islands. French rule played a significant role in the losses suffered by these islands. Nonetheless, the treaty of Versailles gave back to Britain these islands. British were well interested in the American rum and liquor, which were relatively cheap and affordable, thus inviting the interest of the British to trade for a profit in their market. The economy suffered extreme effects of war, of which the planter class was seemingly unaware. Through Marshall’s theses, revelation was made of economic politics which resulted in revolts of the whites, mullatos and slaves. Slave rebellion in Tobago between the years 1770 and 1773 saw 80 whites killed. These revolts were influenced by other revolutionary wars, such as French Revolution, American Revolution and enlightenment thinkers. Passive and submissive behaviors were thought to the slaves by Christian missionaries. In a report submitted to the Privy Council in 1788 it was asserted that â€Å"if they (the slaves) receive punishment for misdemeanors, though they might seem too severe, the brethren have no business to interfere† this policy was perused by the Moravian Brethren in Tobago. In addition, they preached the virtues of obedience, submission and diligence to their converts and by doing so they made a fairly significant contribution to the maintenance and stability of the slave society. The brethren had no choice than to adapt to these policies of the planters, since their focus should be on conversion of the heathen to Christianity. Failure to comply would result in them being forced to leave the islands. When in 1799 Brother Schirmer’s went to say the last word to a slave who was about to be executed, this was what he said: â€Å"Though God is merciful and gracious and forgives repenting sinners, yet he also executes his vengeance against those who persist in sin and commit iniquity with greediness and has authorized the powers he had established in the world, to do the same. Even after the abolition of slave trade in 1807 the lives of slaves still had no value to the planter class. The inferiority of Negro slavery was still polished in their minds, and this harsh trend has been brought down into our societies today. The thought that slave trade was abolished and slaves could now buy their freedom was a most welcomed notion by the slaves, however this was a mere dream in reality, as the price to purchase such freedom was unattainable. In St. Vincent, one slave out of every 630 gained his freedom each year; in Grenada, one out of every 408: in Dominica 1 out of every 90 and in Tobago one out of every 832. The slave society in the new world and Brazil remained fairly closed. Slave societies in the Windward Islands and other islands of the New world such as Brazil are quite similar, regardless of a few supersticial differences. Nonetheless, Marshall’s contribution to slavery in these islands is commendable a great deal of achievement, however, many generations to come, will encounter different articles on slavery. Perceptions of slavery might change in future references. However the process and nature of slavery will be the theme for many great writers, who will borrow from Marshall’s study of these Windward Island. A criticism of Marshall’s theory links it to a cohesive society with shared norms and values and similar goals and objectives. Nonetheless, this text was a well researched on, based on various references provided from other writers to substantiate information given. The relevance of this study to my course of study was what gave me the drive to continue reading Marshall’s ork. It was quite informative; on the other hand it could have been far more concise, as there was too much repetition of points that were made clear in earlier chapters. The dates though very important, were overused and at some points they were not significant, and caused me to lose focus on many occasions. A book of this nature which caters to a wide range of intellectuals, specifically uni versity students should have been vetted thoroughly to avoid spelling errors and incorrect grammar. I also found that paragraphs were exhausted and one point either overlapped into another or it was too long. Marshall’s study of these islands was somewhat limited as it could have incorporated more impacts of the outside world on these plantations, such as the rise to industrialism and enlightenment, impact of French revolution, slave actions in other Caribbean territories, works of humanitarians etc. all the aspects of slavery impacted the windward islands, but Marshall paid little attention to them. I think however that had he made relations to more similarities between these islands and other well written about Caribbean territories history of slavery, then he would attracted more authors of this school of thought to add the history of the windward islands into their writings of Caribbean history and slavery. Though I am appreciative of the fact that this study gave me extended knowledge of Caribbean history, which I very much appreciate, I think that this source was not one of the more captivating piece of Caribbean history that I have read, and if not for a specific purpose I would not be enthused to read it again. Though a local case study, the book is nevertheless an important contribution to the history of slavery in the Caribbean and in the New World in general. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Hans keelson, general theory of law and state [ 2 ]. House of commons Accounts and papers, volume xxvi,1789 [ 3 ]. Periodical accounts, volume ii: extract from brother Schirmer’s diary.